Study - Autism and Hallucinations linked

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19 May 2017, 1:00 am

Autistic people are three times more likely to have hallucinations

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In our study, autistic and non-autistic adults were presented with a list of unusual perceptions and asked to indicate how many they had experienced. Autistic people reported three times more of these unusual experiences than non-autistic people. For example, we found that 63% of autistic adults answered yes to the question: “Do you ever feel that someone is touching you, but when you look nobody is there?” compared with only 7% of non-autistic adults. Similarly, 47% of autistic adults answered yes to the question: “Do you ever see shapes, lights, or colours even though there is nothing really there?” compared with 14% of non-autistic adults.

However, unusual hallucinatory perception is different to being sensitive to particular stimuli. Some of the items in the questionnaire asked about changes in stimulus intensity which we might expect to be increased in autism, but other questions focused on strange or distorted perceptions, such as “Do you ever experience unusual burning sensations or other strange feelings in or on your body?” and “Do you ever hear your own thoughts spoken aloud in your head, so that someone near might be able to hear them?” Three times more autistic adults than non-autistic adults responded yes to both of these questions, indicating that our finding doesn’t just reflect more sensitive perception.

Different levels of certain chemicals in the brain (neurotransmitters) may explain why some people have more unusual perceptions than others. Migraines, for example, are often preceded by hallucinations, such as seeing lights and shapes that aren’t there. Similarly, epilepsy can be associated with strange perceptions.

Both migraine and epilepsy have been linked to changes in levels of the neurotransmitter GABA. Within the brain, some neurotransmitters have an excitatory role and stimulate neural activity, while others have an inhibitory role and serve to reduce neural activity. GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Reductions in GABA levels can therefore lead to overactivity in the brain causing both visual disturbance and seizures. Altered GABA levels have also been implicated in autism.

The link between unusual perception and autism may not come just from innate differences in chemicals in the brain, however. Recent work suggests that negative experiences, such as being bullied or socially isolated, may lead to hallucinations.

Unfortunately, many autistic people suffer social isolation and bullying, and these negative events may contribute to the development of unusual perceptions. A recent article in The Conversation described how people who face discrimination, such as immigrants, also have more hallucinatory and paranoid feelings than people who are not discriminated against. Similar mechanisms may be at work in autism.

As well as finding that unusual perceptual experiences are much more common in autism, we found that the experiences are much more distressing in autism.



Adults with autism spectrum conditions experience increased levels of anomalous perception


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“My autism is not a superpower. It also isn’t some kind of god-forsaken, endless fountain of suffering inflicted on my family. It’s just part of who I am as a person”. - Sara Luterman