Well, "property rights" would be why stealing is not permissible. There are various theories on why and how property can come to exist.
Nozick wrote:
Seizing the result of someone's labor is equivalent to seizing hours from him and directing him to carry on various activities. If people force you to do certain work, or unrewarded work, for a certain period of time, they decide what you are to do and what purposes your work is to serve apart from your decisions. This process whereby they take this decision from you makes them a part-owner of you; it gives them a property right in you.
Inasmuch as a person has by axiom a right to freedom, this is not a conscionable situation (the above quote is in reference to taxation/redistribution, but the moral case of stealing is pretty analogous I think.)
I favor overwhelmingly this kind of sort of Lockean approach to property rights (his original work on the subject is classic). See for example
The Labor Theory of Property
Obviously, however, secular property theories have existed for centuries, and religion plays no part in it.
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