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Carbonhalo
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23 Nov 2024, 11:01 pm

Must be their abundance of midichlorians



SailorsGuy12
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24 Nov 2024, 3:18 pm

Self-denial is also pretty much a fundamental principle in proper Christianity.


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24 Nov 2024, 3:28 pm

Circumcision hasn’t come up in a while.

Joshua 5:2-3 At that time the Lord said to Joshua, “Make flint knives and circumcise the Israelites again.” So Joshua made flint knives and circumcised the Israelites at Gibeath Haaraloth.[a]

a. Gibeath Haaraloth means the hill of foreskins.



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25 Nov 2024, 10:51 am

Another passage involving the ark of the covenant in which YHWH gets pissed off and kills for no good reason:

1 Chronicles 13:7-12 wrote:
They moved the ark of God from Abinadab’s house on a new cart, with Uzzah and Ahio guiding it. 8 David and all the Israelites were celebrating with all their might before God, with songs and with harps, lyres, timbrels, cymbals and trumpets.

9 When they came to the threshing floor of Kidon, Uzzah reached out his hand to steady the ark, because the oxen stumbled. 10 The Lord’s anger burned against Uzzah, and he struck him down because he had put his hand on the ark. So he died there before God.

11 Then David was angry because the Lord’s wrath had broken out against Uzzah, and to this day that place is called Perez Uzzah.

12 David was afraid of God that day and asked, “How can I ever bring the ark of God to me?”

There’s a lot of deaths/glorification of death in Joshua 10:24-43 which I won’t cite here although the first few verses are…interesting. 8O

Here’s verse 40: “So Joshua defeated the whole land, the hill country and the Negeb and the lowland and the slopes and all their kings; he left no one remaining but utterly destroyed all that breathed, as the Lord God of Israel had commanded.”

I keep on envisioning that scene from Monty Python and the Holy Grail where Sir Lancelot kills a bunch of innocent people at the wedding feast. Destroying “all that breathed” would involve the slaughter of innocent children, if it actually happened and wasn’t the disturbing fan fiction that it most likely is.



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29 Nov 2024, 11:27 am

Jesus kills a fig tree for no good reason:

Mark 11:12-14, 20-24 wrote:
On the following day, when they came from Bethany, he [Jesus] was hungry. 13 Seeing in the distance a fig tree in leaf, he went to see whether perhaps he would find anything on it. When he came to it, he found nothing but leaves, for it was not the season for figs. 14 He said to it, “May no one ever eat fruit from you again.” And his disciples heard it.

[…]

In the morning as they passed by, they saw the fig tree withered away to its roots. 21 Then Peter remembered and said to him, “Rabbi, look! The fig tree that you cursed has withered.” 22 Jesus answered them, “Have faith in God. 23 Truly I tell you, if you say to this mountain, ‘Be taken up and thrown into the sea,’ and if you do not doubt in your heart but believe that what you say will come to pass, it will be done for you. 24 So I tell you, whatever you ask for in prayer, believe that you have received it, and it will be yours.”

I suppose it’s much better than killing people, but taking vengeance on a tree or killing it to prove a point just seems completely unnecessary, unkind, and silly.

Right after Jesus curses the tree he has his hissy fit in the temple, overturning the tables of the money changers and driving people out which I always thought was over the top.

Moral of the story: Avoid Jesus when he’s hangry OR make sure there’s a fresh supply of figs nearby when he’s around.



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29 Nov 2024, 11:36 pm

"Happy is the one who seizes your infants and dashes them against the rocks."
Psalm 137:9

Why do "pro life" (anti choice) Christians exist when God according to the Bible doesn't condemn, but promote infanticide? Not to put infanticide and abortion on the same level but it's a question I've had for a long time, growing up in a Christian home and not being able to get a straight answer out of any of my family members I've always found it strange.


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06 Dec 2024, 11:26 am

Here’s a particularly violent passage in Judges in which YHWH engages in capriciously malevolent behavior. It reminds me vaguely of The Iliad. There’s some bathroom silliness in verses 24-25 which is always a nice addition to a holy book.

Content warning: verses 21-22 are especially graphic.

Judges 3:12-25 wrote:
The Israelites again did what was evil in the sight of the Lord, and the Lord strengthened King Eglon of Moab against Israel, because they had done what was evil in the sight of the Lord. 13 In alliance with the Ammonites and the Amalekites, he went and defeated Israel, and they took possession of the city of palms. 14 So the Israelites served King Eglon of Moab eighteen years.

15 But when the Israelites cried out to the Lord, the Lord raised up for them a deliverer, Ehud son of Gera, a Benjaminite, a left-handed man. The Israelites sent tribute by him to King Eglon of Moab. 16 Ehud made for himself a sword with two edges, a cubit in length, and he fastened it on his right thigh under his clothes. 17 Then he presented the tribute to King Eglon of Moab. Now Eglon was a very fat man. 18 When Ehud had finished presenting the tribute, he sent the people who carried the tribute on their way. 19 But he himself turned back at the sculptured stones near Gilgal and said, “I have a secret message for you, O king.” So the king said, “Silence!” and all his attendants went out from his presence. 20 Ehud came to him, while he was sitting alone in his cool roof chamber, and said, “I have a message from God for you.” So he rose from his seat. 21 Then Ehud reached with his left hand, took the sword from his right thigh, and thrust it into Eglon’s belly; 22 the hilt also went in after the blade, and the fat closed over the blade, for he did not draw the sword out of his belly, and the dirt came out. 23 Then Ehud went out into the vestibule and closed the doors of the roof chamber on him and locked them.

24 After he had gone, the servants came. When they saw that the doors of the roof chamber were locked, they thought, “He must be relieving himself in the cool chamber.” 25 So they waited until they were embarrassed. When he still did not open the doors of the roof chamber, they took the key and opened them. There was their lord lying dead on the floor.
Obviously, one death isn’t enough for YHWH, so the passage ends on an uplifting note (i.e. with lots of carnage).
Judges 3:26-30 wrote:
Ehud escaped while they delayed and passed beyond the sculptured stones and escaped to Seirah. 27 When he arrived, he sounded the trumpet in the hill country of Ephraim, and the Israelites went down with him from the hill country, having him at their head. 28 He said to them, “Follow after me, for the Lord has given your enemies the Moabites into your hand.” So they went down after him and seized the fords of the Jordan against the Moabites and allowed no one to cross over. 29 At that time they killed about ten thousand of the Moabites, all strong, able-bodied men; no one escaped. 30 So Moab was subdued that day under the hand of Israel. And the land had rest eighty years.
It’s rather unfair for the Moabites, especially since it was YHWH’s idea for them to capture the Israelites in the first place.

I’ve known lots of parents who’ve read these passages with their young children - who worked their way through the entire Bible together but anything else remotely violent was forbidden. Personally speaking, the violence in the Bible really bothered me when I was young. Since it was presented as something that actually happened and that was often even endorsed by God, allegedly making it “moral” and “just,” it felt more disturbing than violence in movies or video games.



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07 Dec 2024, 2:14 pm

Slavery in the Old and New Testament

Content warning: strong language.


1 Peter 2:18-20 wrote:
Slaves, be subject to your masters with all respect, not only those who are good and gentle but also those who are dishonest. 19 For it is a commendable thing if, being aware of God, a person endures pain while suffering unjustly. 20 If you endure when you are beaten for doing wrong, what credit is that? But if you endure when you do good and suffer for it, this is a commendable thing before God.
Many pro-slavery scriptures have already been posted in this thread but not this passage in 1 Peter. I’ve heard fundamentalists apply it to different situations, including marriage. Good times. At any rate, it’s pretty messed up to not only support slavery but to suggest that it’ll please God if you endure suffering and injustice rather than fight against it.

Some of the following scriptures on slavery have already been covered in this thread and/or are in the video, but I thought I’d list them here along with others for the sake of convenience:
Genesis 24:35 wrote:
The Lord has greatly blessed my master [Abraham], and he has become wealthy; he has given him flocks and herds, silver and gold, male and female slaves, camels and donkeys.
Exodus 20:2-11 wrote:
When you buy a male Hebrew slave, he shall serve six years, but in the seventh he shall go out a free person, without debt. 3 If he comes in single, he shall go out single; if he comes in married, then his wife shall go out with him. 4 If his master gives him a wife and she bears him sons or daughters, the wife and her children shall be her master’s, and he shall go out alone. 5 But if the slave declares, ‘I love my master, my wife, and my children; I will not go out a free person,’ 6 then his master shall bring him before God. He shall be brought to the door or the doorpost, and his master shall pierce his ear with an awl, and he shall serve him for life.

7 “When a man sells his daughter as a slave, she shall not go out as the male slaves do. 8 If she does not please her master, who designated her for himself, then he shall let her be redeemed; he shall have no right to sell her to a foreign people, since he has dealt unfairly with her. 9 If he designates her for his son, he shall deal with her as with a daughter. 10 If he takes another wife to himself, he shall not diminish the food, clothing, or marital rights of the first wife. 11 And if he does not do these three things for her, she shall go out without debt, without payment of money.
Exodus 21:20-21 wrote:
When a slaveowner strikes a male or female slave with a rod and the slave dies immediately, the owner shall be punished. 21 But if the slave survives a day or two, there is no punishment, for the slave is the owner’s property.
Leviticus 25:44-46 wrote:
As for the male and female slaves whom you may have, it is from the nations around you that you may acquire male and female slaves. 45 You may also acquire them from among the aliens residing with you and from their families who are with you who have been born in your land; they may be your property. 46 You may keep them as a possession for your children after you, for them to inherit as property. These you may treat as slaves, but as for your fellow Israelites, no one shall rule over the other with harshness.
Deuteronomy 20:10-14 wrote:
When you draw near to a town to fight against it, offer it terms of peace. 11 If it accepts your terms of peace and surrenders to you, then all the people in it shall serve you at forced labor. 12 But if it does not accept your terms of peace and makes war against you, then you shall besiege it, 13 and when the Lord your God gives it into your hand, you shall put all its males to the sword. 14 You may, however, take as your plunder the women, the children, livestock, and everything else in the town, all its spoil. You may enjoy the spoil of your enemies, which the Lord your God has given you.
Isaiah 14:1-2 wrote:
But the Lord will have compassion on Jacob and will again choose Israel and will settle them in their own land, and aliens will join them and attach themselves to the house of Jacob. 2 And the nations will take them and bring them to their place, and the house of Israel will possess the nations as male and female slaves in the Lord’s land; they will take captive those who were their captors and rule over those who oppressed them.
Ephesians 6:5-8 wrote:
Slaves, obey your earthly masters with respect and trembling, in singleness of heart, as you obey Christ, 6 not with a slavery performed merely for looks, to please people, but as slaves of Christ, doing the will of God from the soul. 7 Render service with enthusiasm, as for the Lord and not for humans, 8 knowing that whatever good we do, we will receive the same again from the Lord, whether we are enslaved or free.
Colossians 3:22-24 wrote:
Slaves, obey your earthly masters in everything, not with a slavery performed merely for looks, to please people, but wholeheartedly, fearing the Lord. 23 Whatever task you must do, work as if your soul depends on it, as for the Lord and not for humans, 24 since you know that from the Lord you will receive the inheritance as your reward; you serve the Lord Christ.
1 Timothy 6:1 wrote:
Let all who are under the yoke of slavery regard their masters as worthy of all honor, so that the name of God and the teaching may not be blasphemed.
It’s strange that an all-powerful deity can’t manage his own reputation.
Titus 2:9-10 wrote:
Urge slaves to be submissive to their masters in everything, to be pleasing, not talking back, 10 not stealing, but showing complete and perfect fidelity, so that in everything they may be an ornament to the teaching of God our Savior.
There are plenty more, but I think this is sufficient for my purposes here. Obviously, alleged instances of taking female captives from destroyed towns and cities under YHWH’s approval (e.g. in the passage at Numbers 31:1-28 which is partially cited in my OP) would involve slavery, too.

In contrast, there are only 6 passages people cite to support homophobia in the Bible. I will address those passages and the problems with them in a separate post when I get up the motivation. Stoning (not the good kind) and witchcraft are also topics I’d like to explore further here.

All things considered, I’m inclined to agree with the statement made at the end of the video: “the Bible is like a goddamn infomercial for oppression.”



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07 Dec 2024, 11:43 pm

Hymn to Zeus, by Cleanthes

Quote:

Most honored of immortals, many-named one, ever omnipotent,

Zeus, prime mover of nature, steering all things by your law,

Greetings! For it is proper for all mortals to speak to you:

For we all descend from you, bearing our share of your likeness

We alone, of all mortal creatures that live and move on earth.

So, I shall make song of you constantly and sing forever of your might.

Truly, this whole universe, spinning around the earth,

Obeys you wherever you lead, and willingly submits to your rule;

Such is the servant you hold in your unconquerable hands,

A double-edged, fiery, ever-living thunderbolt.

For by its strikes all the works of nature happen.

By it you direct the universal reason, which pervades all things

Intermixing with the great and small lights of the heavens.

Because of this you are the greatest, the highest ruler of all.

Not a single thing that is done on earth happens without you, God,

Nor in the divine heavenly sphere nor in the sea,

Except for what bad people do in their foolishness.

But you know how to make the crooked straight

And to bring order to the disorderly; even the unloved is loved by you.

For you have so joined all things into one, the good and the bad,

That they all share in a single unified everlasting reason.

It is shirked and avoided by all the wicked among mortals,

The wretched, who ever long for the getting of good things,

Neither see nor hear God’s universal law,

By which, obeying with understanding, they could share in the good life.

But instead they chase after this and that, far from the good,

Some in their aggressive zeal for fame,

Others with a disordered obsession with profits,

Still others in indulgence and the pleasurable exertions of the body.

[They desire the good] but are carried off here and there,

All the while in zealous pursuit of completely different outcomes.

But bountiful Zeus, shrouded in dark clouds and ruling the thunder,

Protect human beings from their ruinous ignorance;

Scatter it from our souls, grant that we might obtain

True judgment on which you rely to steer all things with justice;

So that having won honor, we may honor you in return,

Constantly singing of your works, as it is proper

For mortals to do. For neither mortals nor gods have any greater privilege

Than to make everlasting song of the universal law in justice.


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07 Dec 2024, 11:47 pm



https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nj0WQDH1Dcc


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enz
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08 Dec 2024, 4:56 pm

It's interesting that an all knowing, all powerful, and all good being would have such backwards views. views that reflect how people thought a few thousand years ago



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08 Dec 2024, 7:14 pm

TwilightPrincess wrote:
In contrast, there are only 6 passages people cite to support homophobia in the Bible. I will address those passages and the problems with them in a separate post when I get up the motivation.
That reminded me of this quote -
Lynn Lavner wrote:
The Bible contains six admonishments to homosexuals and 362 admonishments to heterosexuals. That doesn't mean that God doesn't love heterosexuals. It's just that they need more supervision.


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TwilightPrincess
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08 Dec 2024, 7:19 pm

:lol:

That’s awesome!



TwilightPrincess
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09 Dec 2024, 4:20 pm

Before I get to those 6ish Bible passages, I want to talk about a topic that YHWH seems especially passionate about going by how often he references it in the Bible:

Stoning
(not the good kind)

I’m going to preface this by stating the obvious. According to the UN and just about any humanitarian organization out there, stoning is a form of torture. (See links below.) YHWH is sadistic enough that he advocates for torture throughout the Old Testament, often for extremely petty reasons, and doesn’t keep it from happening to people in various passages of the New Testament…or today, if we believe that he’s real and as described in the Bible (omnipotent, etc.). Occasionally and as was already alluded to in this thread, YHWH endorses burning people alive as well, but this post will focus on stoning specifically.

https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases ... punishment

https://ishr.org/abolish-stoning-and-ba ... worldwide/

https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press ... -reckless/

The following verses aren’t in any rational order apart from saving New Testament stuff until the end, and it’s by no means an exhaustive list although I think it’s enough for here.

In the first passage, a man does something incredibly wicked. He gathers sticks on the Sabbath. Obviously, YHWH says that he must die by stoning. Fun for the entire community!
Numbers 15:32-36 wrote:
When the Israelites were in the wilderness, they found a man gathering sticks on the Sabbath day. 33 Those who found him gathering sticks brought him to Moses, Aaron, and the whole congregation. 34 They put him in custody because it was not clear what should be done to him. 35 Then the Lord said to Moses, “The man shall be put to death; all the congregation shall stone him outside the camp.” 36 The whole congregation brought him outside the camp and stoned him to death, just as the Lord had commanded Moses.
In the next passage, a man named Achan stole stuff. Clearly, he needs to be stoned to death as well as his sons and daughters. There is biblical support for YHWH punishing kids for the sins of their parents although he goes back and forth on this issue. I think older passages in the Bible tend to be more barbaric, but I won’t explore that further in this post because it’s beyond the scope of what I had in mind.
Joshua 7:24-26 wrote:
Then Joshua, together with all Israel, took Achan son of Zerah, the silver, the robe, the gold bar, his sons and daughters, his cattle, donkeys and sheep, his tent and all that he had, to the Valley of Achor. 25 Joshua said, “Why have you brought this trouble on us? The Lord will bring trouble on you today.”

Then all Israel stoned him, and after they had stoned the rest, they burned them. 26 Over Achan they heaped up a large pile of rocks, which remains to this day. Then the Lord turned from his fierce anger. Therefore that place has been called the Valley of Achor ever since.
Another shocking crime: blasphemy! My God, these were some rough characters.
Leviticus 24:13-16 wrote:
The Lord spoke to Moses, saying, 14 “Take the blasphemer outside the camp, and let all who were within hearing lay their hands on his head, and let the whole congregation stone him. 15 And speak to the Israelites, saying: Anyone who curses God shall incur guilt. 16 One who blasphemes the name of the Lord shall be put to death; the whole congregation shall stone the blasphemer. Aliens as well as the native-born, when they blaspheme the Name, shall be put to death.
Anyone who tries to get you to serve other gods:
Deuteronomy 13:6-10 wrote:
If anyone secretly entices you—even if it is your brother, your father’s son or your mother’s son, or your own son or daughter, or the wife you embrace, or your most intimate friend—saying, ‘Let us go serve other gods,’ whom neither you nor your ancestors have known, 7 any of the gods of the peoples who are around you, whether near you or far away from you, from one end of the earth to the other, 8 you must not yield to or heed any such persons. Show them no pity or compassion, and do not shield them. 9 But you shall surely kill them; your own hand shall be first against them to execute them and afterward the hand of all the people. 10 Stone them to death for trying to turn you away from the Lord your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery
Worshipping other gods:
Deuteronomy 17:2-5 wrote:
If there is found among you, in one of your towns that the Lord your God is giving you, a man or woman who does what is evil in the sight of the Lord your God and transgresses his covenant 3 by going to serve other gods and worshiping them—whether the sun or the moon or any of the host of heaven, which I have forbidden— 4 and if it is reported to you or you hear of it, and you make a thorough inquiry, and the charge is proved true that such an abhorrent thing has occurred in Israel, 5 then you shall bring out to your gates that man or that woman who has committed this crime, and you shall stone the man or woman to death.
The following scripture involves stoning parents for sacrificing their kids to another deity. Although torture is always wrong, this is an activity that is actually bad. However, there’s an unfortunate passage involving a child (Jephthah’s daughter) being sacrificed to YHWH at Judges 11:30-40. Awkward. I also wanted to say that I think the mention of stoning here sets the tone for some of the other scriptures in Leviticus 20 which say “put to death” without explicitly saying how.
Leviticus 20:1-2 wrote:
The Lord spoke to Moses, saying, 2 “Say further to the Israelites:

“Any of the Israelites or of the aliens who reside in Israel who give any of their offspring to Molech shall be put to death; the people of the land shall stone them to death.”
Being a medium or spiritualist:
Leviticus 20:27 wrote:
A man or a woman who is a medium or a spiritualist shall be put to death; they shall be stoned to death; their bloodguilt is upon them.
Rebellious children:
Deuteronomy 21:18-21 wrote:
If someone has a stubborn and rebellious son who will not obey his father and mother, who does not heed them when they discipline him, 19 then his father and his mother shall take hold of him and bring him out to the elders of his town at the gate of that place. 20 They shall say to the elders of his town, ‘This son of ours is stubborn and rebellious. He will not obey us. He is a glutton and a drunkard.’ 21 Then all the men of the town shall stone him to death. So you shall purge the evil from your midst, and all Israel will hear and be afraid.
More useful guidance about problematic children:
Leviticus 20:9 wrote:
All who curse father or mother shall be put to death; having cursed father or mother, their bloodguilt is upon them.
Adultery:
Leviticus 20:10 wrote:
If a man commits adultery with the wife of his neighbor, both the adulterer and the adulteress shall be put to death.
If a man and woman have sex together and the woman is engaged to someone else, they both should be stoned to death. If she is raped but doesn’t cry for help, she still needs to be stoned to death unless it happens in the country.
Deuteronomy 22:23-27 wrote:
If there is a young woman, a virgin already engaged to be married, and a man meets her in the town and lies with her, 24 you shall bring both of them to the gate of that town and stone them to death, the young woman because she did not cry for help in the town and the man because he violated his neighbor’s wife. So you shall purge the evil from your midst.

25 But if the man meets the engaged woman in the open country and the man seizes her and lies with her, then only the man who lay with her shall die. 26 You shall do nothing to the young woman; the young woman has not committed an offense punishable by death, because this case is like that of someone who attacks and murders a neighbor. 27 Since he found her in the open country, the engaged woman may have cried for help, but there was no one to rescue her.
It’s fascinating to me that Leviticus 18:22 and the following scripture, which are open to interpretation for various reasons I’ll go into elsewhere, get so much attention compared to some of the other ones. Hmmm.
Leviticus 20:13 wrote:
If a man lies with a male as with a woman, both of them have committed an abomination; they shall be put to death; their bloodguilt is upon them.
If there’s no “proof” that a woman was a virgin when she got married, she’s to be stoned to death:
Deuteronomy 22:13-21 wrote:
Suppose a man marries a woman but after going in to her dislikes her 14 and makes up charges against her, slandering her by saying, ‘I married this woman, but when I lay with her, I did not find evidence of her virginity.’ 15 The father of the young woman and her mother shall then submit the evidence of the young woman’s virginity to the elders of the city at the gate. 16 The father of the young woman shall say to the elders: ‘I gave my daughter in marriage to this man, but he dislikes her, 17 and now he has made up charges against her, saying, “I did not find evidence of your daughter’s virginity.” But here is the evidence of my daughter’s virginity.’ Then they shall spread out the cloth before the elders of the town. 18 The elders of that town shall take the man and punish him; 19 they shall fine him one hundred shekels of silver (which they shall give to the young woman’s father) because he has slandered a virgin of Israel. She shall remain his wife; he shall not be permitted to divorce her as long as he lives.

20 If, however, this charge is true, that evidence of the young woman’s virginity was not found, 21 then they shall bring the young woman out to the entrance of her father’s house, and the men of her town shall stone her to death, because she committed a disgraceful act in Israel by prostituting herself in her father’s house. So you shall purge the evil from your midst.
Going near Mount Sinai when YHWH is around is a bad idea:
Exodus 19:10-13 wrote:
the Lord said to Moses, “Go to the people and consecrate them today and tomorrow. Have them wash their clothes 11 and prepare for the third day, because on the third day the Lord will come down upon Mount Sinai in the sight of all the people. 12 You shall set limits for the people all around, saying, ‘Be careful not to go up the mountain or to touch the edge of it. Any who touch the mountain shall be put to death. 13 No hand shall touch them, but they shall be stoned or shot with arrows; whether animal or human being, they shall not live.’
There are various passages in the NT (and OT for that matter) like the following one where stoning someone God likes is portrayed negatively, but citing one account should be sufficient. Here, Stephen is being stoned for reasons that aren’t endorsed by God. Sure, he was annoying, but it’s not like he did anything really bad like disobey his parents or gather sticks on the Sabbath:
Acts 7:59-60 wrote:
While they were stoning Stephen, he prayed, “Lord Jesus, receive my spirit.” 60 Then he knelt down and cried out in a loud voice, “Lord, do not hold this sin against them.” When he had said this, he died.
It’s a pity God couldn’t have done something useful like, I don’t know, stop the men from stoning him. Maybe my expectations of an omnipotent, omniscient, and omnipresent deity are unreasonably high.

As far as Jesus is concerned, people like to reference the nice story where he demonstrates mercy towards the woman who committed adultery - the story in which he says: “Let the one who is without sin among you be the first to cast a stone.” However, I will cite from Chapter 2 of Bart Ehrman’s book Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why to highlight some issues with it. I underlined the especially relevant bits.
Quote:
Despite its popularity, the account is found in only one passage of the New Testament, in John 7:53–8:12, and it appears not to have been original even there.

The story line is familiar. Jesus is teaching in the temple, and a group of scribes and Pharisees, his sworn enemies, approach him, bringing with them a woman “who had been caught in the very act of adultery.” They bring her before Jesus because they want to put him to the test. The Law of Moses, as they tell him, demands that such a one be stoned to death; but they want to know what he has to say about the matter. Should they stone her or show her mercy? It is a trap, of course. If Jesus tells them to let the woman go, he will be accused of violating the Law of God; if he tells them to stone her, he will be accused of dismissing his own teachings of love, mercy, and forgiveness.

Jesus does not immediately reply; instead he stoops to write on the ground. When they continue to question him, he says to them, “Let the one who is without sin among you be the first to cast a stone at her.” He then returns to his writing on the ground, while those who have brought the woman start to leave the scene—evidently feeling convicted of their own wrongdoing—until no one is left but the woman. Looking up, Jesus says, “Woman, where are they? Is there no one who condemns you?” To which she replies, “No one, Lord.” He then responds, “Neither do I condemn you. Go and sin no more.”

It is a brilliant story, filled with pathos and a clever twist in which Jesus uses his wits to get himself—not to mention the poor woman—off the hook. Of course, to a careful reader, the story raises numerous questions. If this woman was caught in the act of adultery, for example, where is the man she was caught with? Both of them are to be stoned, according to the Law of Moses (see Lev. 20:10). Moreover, when Jesus wrote on the ground, what exactly was he writing? (According to one ancient tradition, he was writing the sins of the accusers, who seeing that their own transgressions were known, left in embarrassment!) And even if Jesus did teach a message of love, did he really think that the Law of God given by Moses was no longer in force and should not be obeyed? Did he think sins should not be punished at all?

Despite the brilliance of the story, its captivating quality, and its inherent intrigue, there is one other enormous problem that it poses. As it turns out, it was not originally in the Gospel of John. In fact, it was not originally part of any of the Gospels. It was added by later scribes.

How do we know this? In fact, scholars who work on the manuscript tradition have no doubts about this particular case. Later in this book we will be examining in greater depth the kinds of evidence that scholars adduce for making judgments of this sort. Here I can simply point out a few basic facts that have proved convincing to nearly all scholars of every persuasion: the story is not found in our oldest and best manuscripts of the Gospel of John; its writing style is very different from what we find in the rest of John (including the stories immediately before and after); and it includes a large number of words and phrases that are otherwise alien to the Gospel. The conclusion is unavoidable: this passage was not originally part of the Gospel.
As Ehrman goes on to state, the story could’ve been part of the oral tradition surrounding Jesus, but I think it’s interesting that it was only included in John - the latest written Gospel, which dates from around 90-100 CE, but wasn’t even original there. Obviously, if we choose to put any weight on the Gospel accounts of Jesus, he does soften the Old Testament from time to time, but he upholds it as well. It’s really interesting to me how scribes likely shaped the Jesus story to fit their desired narrative while also trying to make it fit with the OT, not that it does despite their efforts.

In any case, there’s obviously a lot of support for inhumane punishments in the Bible, including torture. Most people don’t think that this stuff should be applied in our day. I don’t see why they can’t come to similar conclusions on other topics, especially when there’s way less biblical support for them, using critical thought and empathy rooted in humanism.



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13 Dec 2024, 1:51 pm

Another topic that the Bible spends a huge amount of time on is magic, sorcery, divination, fortune-telling, etc. It seems like the Bible writers didn’t want anything taking away from their own magical beliefs. There are a great deal more passages on this stuff in the Bible than what I’m including here although I wanted to cite a lot to provide a clear picture. It’s remarkable how many scriptures are dedicated to something that isn’t even real although it was very real to ancient people. There’s an entertaining passage involving the plagues in which magicians, under Pharaoh’s insistence, try to prove that they have the same power as YHWH. It turns out that they can do stuff like turn staffs into snakes, water into blood, and summon frogs but not gnats, etc. YHWH wins the magic-off.

At any rate, I’ve arranged the scriptures by theme. IMO, the juicer stuff begins at around theme two.

1. A number of scriptures try to differentiate magic and fortune-telling from…God-approved magic and fortune-telling.

2 Kings 23:24 wrote:
Moreover, Josiah put away the mediums and the necromancers and the household gods and the idols and all the abominations that were seen in the land of Judah and in Jerusalem, that he might establish the words of the law that were written in the book that Hilkiah the priest found in the house of the Lord.
Zecharia 10:2 wrote:
For the household gods utter nonsense,
and the diviners see lies;
they tell false dreams
and give empty consolation.
Therefore the people wander like sheep;
they are afflicted for lack of a shepherd.
Isaiah 8:19-22 wrote:
Now if people say to you, “Consult the ghosts and the familiar spirits that chirp and mutter; should not a people consult their gods, the dead on behalf of the living, 20 for teaching and for instruction?” surely those who speak like this will have no dawn! 21 They will pass through the land, greatly distressed and hungry; when they are hungry, they will be enraged and will curse their king and their gods. They will turn their faces upward, 22 or they will look to the earth, but they will see only distress and darkness, the gloom of anguish, and they will be thrust into thick darkness.
Daniel 2:27-28 wrote:
Daniel answered the king, “No wise men, enchanters, magicians, or diviners can show to the king the mystery that the king is asking, 28 but there is a God in heaven who reveals mysteries, and he has disclosed to King Nebuchadnezzar what will happen at the end of days. Your dream and the visions of your head as you lay in bed were these […]
Matthew 7:15 wrote:
Beware of false prophets, who come to you in sheep’s clothing but inwardly are ravenous wolves
Matthew 24:24 wrote:
For false messiahs and false prophets will appear and produce great signs and wonders, to lead astray, if possible, even the elect.
1 John 4:1 wrote:
Beloved, do not believe every spirit, but test the spirits to see whether they are from God, for many false prophets have gone out into the world.

2. In the following passage, a girl who practices fortune-telling is said to be possessed.
Acts 16:16-18 wrote:
One day as we [Paul, Silas, and Timothy] were going to the place of prayer, we met a female slave who had a spirit of divination and brought her owners a great deal of money by fortune-telling. 17 While she followed Paul and us, she would cry out, “These men are slaves of the Most High God, who proclaim to you the way of salvation.” 18 She kept doing this for many days. But Paul, very much annoyed, turned and said to the spirit, “I order you in the name of Jesus Christ to come out of her.” And it came out that very hour.

3. Book burning:
Acts 19:17-20 wrote:
When this became known to all residents of Ephesus, both Jews and Greeks, everyone was awestruck, and the name of the Lord Jesus was praised. 18 Also many of those who became believers confessed and disclosed their practices. 19 A number of those who practiced magic collected their books and burned them publicly; when the value of these books was calculated, it was found to come to fifty thousand silver coins. 20 So the word of the Lord grew mightily and prevailed.

Speaking of book burning, Pastor Greg Locke approves:



My former church didn’t do big book burnings, but members were urged to burn stuff related to magic or the occult they happened to own because it could lead to “problems with demons.”

4. There’s a bunch of “magic is bad” scriptures:
Leviticus 19:31 wrote:
Do not turn to mediums and spiritualists; do not seek them out, to be defiled by them: I am the Lord your God.
Leviticus 20:6 wrote:
If any turn to mediums or spiritualists, prostituting themselves to them, I will set my face against them and will cut them off from the people.
Deuteronomy 18:9-12 wrote:
When you come into the land that the Lord your God is giving you, you must not learn to imitate the abhorrent practices of those nations. 10 No one shall be found among you who makes a son or daughter pass through fire, or who practices divination, or is a soothsayer, or an augur, or a sorcerer, 11 or one who casts spells, or who consults ghosts or spirits, or who seeks oracles from the dead. 12 For whoever does these things is abhorrent to the Lord; it is because of such abhorrent practices that the Lord your God is driving them out before you.
Micah 5:13-15 wrote:
I will cut off sorceries from your hand,
and you shall have no more soothsayers;
13 and I will cut off your images
and your pillars from among you,
and you shall bow down no more
to the work of your hands;
14 and I will uproot your sacred poles from among you
and destroy your towns.
15 And in anger and wrath I will execute vengeance
on the nations that did not obey.
Acts 13:8-10 wrote:
But the magician Elymas (for that is the translation of his name) opposed them and tried to turn the proconsul away from the faith. 9 But Saul, also known as Paul, filled with the Holy Spirit, looked intently at him 10 and said, “You son of the devil, you enemy of all righteousness, full of all deceit and villainy, will you not stop making crooked the straight paths of the Lord?
Galatians 5:19-21 wrote:
Now the works of the flesh are obvious: sexual immorality, impurity, debauchery, 20 idolatry, sorcery, enmities, strife, jealousy, anger, quarrels, dissensions, factions, 21 envy, drunkenness, carousing, and things like these. I am warning you, as I warned you before: those who do such things will not inherit the kingdom of God.
^ Persecutors of alleged witches argued that since sorcery was a work of the flesh, castigating the flesh was a sensible response, especially when combined with other Bible passages.
Revelation 22:14-15 wrote:
Blessed are those who wash their robes, so that they will have the right to the tree of life and may enter the city by the gates. 15 Outside are the dogs and sorcerers and sexually immoral and murderers and idolaters and everyone who loves and practices falsehood.

5. People who practice magic are to be put to death:
Exodus 22:18 wrote:
You shall not permit a female sorcerer to live.
^ It’s interesting that Exodus says “female sorcerer” but doesn’t allude to male sorcerers here.
Leviticus 20:27 wrote:
A man or a woman who is a medium or a spiritualist shall be put to death; they shall be stoned to death; their bloodguilt is upon them.
^ Once again, stoning = torture.
1 Chronicles 10:13-14 wrote:
So Saul died for his unfaithfulness; he was unfaithful to the Lord in that he did not keep the command of the Lord; moreover, he had consulted a medium, seeking guidance, 14 and did not seek guidance from the Lord. Therefore the Lord put him to death and turned the kingdom over to David son of Jesse.
There are scriptures which advocate burning people alive as a punishment but they aren’t speaking about witches. However, the following scriptures were a likely source of inspiration.

6. Sorcerers are going to burn in Hell:
Revelation 21:8 wrote:
But as for the cowardly, the faithless, the polluted, the murderers, the sexually immoral, the sorcerers, the idolaters, and all liars, their place will be in the lake that burns with fire and sulfur, which is the second death.

7. This passage is talking about Babylon, but there’s some disturbing imagery related to the overall topic:
Isaiah 47:12-14 wrote:
12 Stand fast in your enchantments
and your many sorceries,

with which you have labored from your youth;
perhaps you may be able to succeed;
perhaps you may inspire terror.
13 You are wearied with your many consultations;
let those who study the heavens
stand up and save you,
those who gaze at the stars
and at each new moon predict
what shall befall you.
14 See, they are like stubble;
the fire consumes them;
they cannot deliver themselves
from the power of the flame.

No coal for warming oneself is this,
no fire to sit before!

IMO, the passages in this post highlight persecution more than anything else. Beliefs and practices that conflict or compete with the ones in the Bible are forbidden and punished. It’s fascinating for me to explore this as a former Christian. When I was a believer, I felt pushed into thinking about things as they were written rather than from a more critical point-of-view.

8. The persecution of alleged female witches as opposed to men was worse due in large part to all the problematic scriptures concerning women in the Bible. There are more misogynistic scriptures in the Bible than homophobic ones. At any rate, since that’s too large a topic to explore in this post, I’ll just cite one passage:

1 Timothy 2:11-15 wrote:
Let a woman learn in silence with full submission. 12 I do not permit a woman to teach or to have authority over a man; she is to keep silent. 13 For Adam was formed first, then Eve, 14 and Adam was not deceived, but the woman was deceived and became a transgressor. 15 Yet she will be saved through childbearing, provided they continue in faith and love and holiness, with self-control.
It’s easy to see how women who did not fit that role could be deemed Satan-influenced temptresses. This line of thinking is certainly emphasized in Malleus Maleficarum - an influential treatise on witchcraft that dates from 1486. I might explore it more in another post. It’s batshit crazy but somewhat difficult to tackle due to its wordiness. Here’s a small tidbit I’ll include for entertainment purposes:

Image

^ From pg. 40

https://books.google.com/books?id=sBkgD ... &q&f=false



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15 Dec 2024, 3:30 pm

Scriptures People Cite to Support Homophobia

As was previously mentioned, there are only 6 Bible passages people reference to uphold homophobia in the Bible. Those passages are:

- Genesis 19
- Leviticus 18:22
- Leviticus 20:13
- 1 Corinthians 6:9-10
- Romans 1:26-27
- 1 Timothy 1:9-10

I will address these scriptures here although this topic is much more complex than I initially thought, so I’m not going to cover everything.

1. I’m going to start with, what I believe may be, the most offensive argument - the account of Sodom in Genesis 19. If people think that the biggest problem in these verses is related to homosexuality, perhaps a neutral reread would be useful. In this passage, two angels disguised as men visit the city in the evening. Lot sees them and urges them to stay at his house rather than outside like they had allegedly planned. Here’s what it says in verses 4-8:

Genesis 19:4-8 wrote:
But before they lay down, the men of the city, the men of Sodom, both young and old, all the people to the last man, surrounded the house, 5 and they called to Lot, “Where are the men who came to you tonight? Bring them out to us, so that we may know them.” 6 Lot went out of the door to the men, shut the door after him, 7 and said, “I beg you, my brothers, do not act so wickedly. 8 Look, I have two daughters who have not known a man; let me bring them out to you, and do to them as you please; only do nothing to these men, for they have come under the shelter of my roof.”
The issue here isn’t about gay consensual sex; it’s about attempted gang rape. The fact that Lot offered his daughters is disturbing although relates to a lot of other passages in the Old Testament that contain violence against women. Women seem to be viewed and treated more like property than people. Strangely, after Lot’s wife gets turned into a pillar of salt and Lot and his daughters are staying in a cave, the daughters decide to get their father drunk and have sex with him so as to get pregnant. It’s an origin story about the Ammonites and the Moabites, and like many origin stories (e.g. why the chipmunk has stripes), it never happened. In any event, if one wants a more biblical interpretation of the events in Sodom and Gomorrah, this scripture may be useful:
Ezekiel 16:49 wrote:
This was the guilt of your sister Sodom: she and her daughters had pride, excess of food, and prosperous ease but did not aid the poor and needy.
When Lot says: “[D]o nothing to these men, for they have come under the shelter of my roof,” he’s highlighting the issue of hospitality and charity more than anything else.

2. and 3. Next I’ll talk about these passages in Leviticus which receive a lot of attention:
Leviticus 18:22 wrote:
You shall not lie with a male as with a woman; it is an abomination.
Leviticus 20:13 wrote:
If a man lies with a male as with a woman, both of them have committed an abomination; they shall be put to death; their bloodguilt is upon them.
The text here is ambiguous:
Quote:
The Hebrew wording of Leviticus 18:22 has been generally interpreted as prohibiting some or all homosexual acts, although which precise acts, and in which situations, is a matter of ongoing scholarly debate. Some authors state that verse 22 condemns "homosexuality" or "homosexual relations", with other authors maintaining that it condemns only males penetrating males (anal intercourse). Others believe due to study of the language used in the original Hebrew, that the restriction is only relevant in specific situations (in the context idolatry, religious sacrifice or various forms of rape which were common Canaanite or Egyptian practices), and specifically does not apply to modern homosexual relationships. Some researchers speculate that the contents of the text changed over time, where earlier examples would only admonish homosexual incest, and not homosexuality, more broadly in line with surrounding attitudes at the time. Such readings have also been responded to and countered in research.

Lesbianism is not explicitly prohibited in the Torah; however, the rabbi and Jewish scholar Maimonides ruled that lesbianism was prohibited nonetheless as an "Egyptian practice" and deserving of punishment by beating.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviticus_18

Even if we assume that the writer was referring to gay sex in general, the book of Leviticus contains a lot of absurd commandments and unjust punishments like here:
Leviticus 10:1-2 wrote:
Now Aaron’s sons Nadab and Abihu each took his censer, put fire in it, and laid incense on it, and they offered unholy fire before the Lord, such as he had not commanded them. 2 And fire came out from the presence of the Lord and consumed them, and they died before the Lord.
And here:
Leviticus:10:6 wrote:
And Moses said to Aaron and to his sons Eleazar and Ithamar, “Do not dishevel your hair and do not tear your vestments, or you will die, and wrath will strike all the congregation; but your kindred, the whole house of Israel, may mourn the burning that the Lord has sent.
Some other things that are forbidden by the writers of Leviticus:

- Eating fat or blood in food
- Eating - or touching the carcass of - an animal which doesn’t both chew cud and has a divided hoof
- Eating – or touching the carcass of – any seafood without fins or scales
- Planting different seeds in the same field
- Cross-breeding animals
- Mixing fabrics in clothing
- Trimming your beard or the hair around your temples
- Getting tattoos
- Having sex with a woman during her period (Here it says that a man who does so will be unclean for 7 days while here it says that both the man and woman “shall be cut off from their people.”)
- Slaughtering a cow/sheep and its young on the same day
- Working on the Sabbath

There are many more commandments in Leviticus. If people think following various passages here are silly, I’m not sure why they are giving much weight to other ones, especially when we know that being LGBTQ+ is NOT harmful and that promoting bigotry and discrimination is.

4. The following verses were written by Paul.* Paul never knew Jesus personally. These texts were written decades after his death. Jesus never talked about homosexuality. I’m going to compare two translations of the following verse.
1 Corinthians 6:9-10, NIV wrote:
Or do you not know that wrongdoers will not inherit the kingdom of God? Do not be deceived: Neither the sexually immoral nor idolaters nor adulterers nor men who have sex with men 10 nor thieves nor the greedy nor drunkards nor slanderers nor swindlers will inherit the kingdom of God.

Image
Quote:
When it comes to homosexuality and the Bible, the two key words in this passage are the Greek words μαλακός (malakós) and ἀρσενοκοίτης (arsenokoítēs), which I’ve bolded in the text above.

μαλακός literally means “soft.” The KJV translates it as “effeminate.” This word was widely used in the ancient world and has a broad range of meanings, including “effeminate.” It appears several other times in the New Testament where it is usually translated as “soft.” But, given that this is just a list without any further context, no one knows for sure exactly what Paul had in mind when he included it in his list of immoral behaviors. It might be referring to weakness of character, or cowardice, or some other moral (but not necessarily sexual) shortcoming.

ἀρσενοκοίτης, translated in the KJV as “abusers of themselves with mankind,” is a compound word made out of the words “male” (ἄρσην) and “bed” (κοίτης). But, just like English compound words, the parts don’t always equal the whole: ἀρσενοκοίτης doesn’t actually mean “male bed.”
So what does it mean?

Here’s where things get tricky: Paul seems to have made up the word ἀρσενοκοίτης. We don’t have any examples of it being used prior to Paul’s letter to the Corinthians and most of the subsequent usage is merely repeating a similar list of sinful behaviors.

Because of the uniqueness of this word, even our best translations have to guess what Paul meant. One conjecture is that Paul is referencing the Greek text of Leviticus 18:22 and 20:13, where ἄρσην and κοίτης appear in close proximity to each other. But, though that might be a clue about the word’s etymology, it still doesn’t tell us for sure what Paul meant when he used it. The only thing we can be fairly certain of is that ἀρσενοκοίτης is referring to some sort of immoral male sexual behavior.

Unfortunately, most modern English translations give the appearance of absolute certainty when it comes to translating μαλακός and ἀρσενοκοίτης, making it seem as if it’s a foregone conclusion that Paul is explicitly condemning homosexuality. But scholars continue to debate the precise meanings of these words in these verses and, especially in the case of ἀρσενοκοίτης, it seems that we’ll never know for sure exactly what Paul meant. Theories abound, but certainty eludes us.

The NIV does a particularly bad job at conveying these issues. Instead of translating the two terms separately, the NIV translators chose to merge μαλακός and ἀρσενοκοίτης together and translate them as “men who have sex with men.” They include a revealing footnote which says “The words men who have sex with men translate two Greek words that refer to the passive and active participants in homosexual acts.”

The NIV all too conveniently ignores the scholarly uncertainty about these words, making it seem as if the definitions of μαλακός and ἀρσενοκοίτης are clearly referring to homosexuality, a conclusion that is, at best, dubious. Buoyed by agenda-driven translations such as the NIV and ESV, many Christians continue to wield an unfounded certainty about the meaning of these verses in order to condemn and marginalize LGBT people.

https://unfundamentalists.com/2015/08/c ... ans-69-10/

^ It’s interesting to consider that Paul may have been inspired by the passages in Leviticus which aren’t without various problems - textually and contextually - that I’ve partially explored.

Here’s Leviticus 20:13 from the Septuagint - the Greek translation of Leviticus:

"If a man lies with a man ('arsenos koiten') as one lies with a woman, both of them have done what is detestable. They must be put to death; their blood will be on their own heads."

5.
Romans 1:26-27 wrote:
For this reason God gave them over to dishonorable passions. Their females exchanged natural intercourse for unnatural, 27 and in the same way also the males, giving up natural intercourse with females, were consumed with their passionate desires for one another. Males committed shameless acts with males and received in their own persons the due penalty for their error.
To get a sense of what Paul is talking about here, we need to read the preceding verses:
Romans 1:22-25 wrote:
Claiming to be wise, they became fools, 23 and they exchanged the glory of the immortal God for images resembling a mortal human or birds or four-footed animals or reptiles.

24 Therefore God gave them over in the desires of their hearts to impurity, to the dishonoring of their bodies among themselves. 25 They exchanged the truth about God for a lie and worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed forever! Amen.
”Gave them over” here and in verses 26 and 28 is a bit misleading. The phrase translated from the Greek word paradidomi, 'hand over', refers to more than a passive withholding of divine grace on God's part, but as God's reaction to the people who turning from the truth of God and his moral requirements, that is to "turn them over.” Once again, verse 26 starts out with “For this reason God gave them over to dishonorable passions.” In other words, Paul is claiming that God is punishing people for engaging in idolatry by making them lust for specific sex acts - perhaps ones that Paul didn’t like. Lust, in general, is frowned upon in the New Testament. In any event, in verses 28-32:
Romans 1:28-32 wrote:
And since they did not see fit to acknowledge God, God gave them over to an unfit mind and to do things that should not be done. 29 They were filled with every kind of injustice, evil, covetousness, malice. Full of envy, murder, strife, deceit, craftiness, they are gossips, 30 slanderers, God-haters, insolent, haughty, boastful, inventors of evil, rebellious toward parents, 31 foolish, faithless, heartless, ruthless. 32 They know God’s decree, that those who practice such things deserve to die, yet they not only do them but even applaud others who practice them.
It’s strange that people focus on 26-27 when the primary issue is about idolatry and the many problems Paul believed came from that. This passage does not appear to be talking about gay relationships in general and is not forbidding them although Paul likely had his own biases stemming from his environment, his understanding of Leviticus, and a literal interpretation of the creation account in Genesis. The use of the word “unnatural” seems to point to that. In any event, as long as people aren’t engaging in idolatry or behaviors that are actually harmful as outlined in verses 28-32, there’s no biblical reason why a Bible-following church shouldn’t accept gay members the same as anyone else.

6. Bible scholars state that, although First and Second Timothy claim to be written by Paul, they were written well after Paul’s death by an unknown writer. Interestingly, the writer seems to have been inspired by Paul’s passage in 1 Corinthians since he uses the word “ἀρσενοκοίτης” here, making it similarly open to interpretation.
1 Timothy 1:9-10 wrote:
We also know that the law is made not for the righteous but for lawbreakers and rebels, the ungodly and sinful, the unholy and irreligious, for those who kill their fathers or mothers, for murderers, 10 for the sexually immoral, for those practicing homosexuality, for slave traders and liars and perjurers—and for whatever else is contrary to the sound doctrine
Many Christians cite 2 Timothy 3:16 when they make the choice to uphold the Bible’s apparent bigotry on various topics when the book of Timothy comes from an unknown and apparently dishonest source (which wasn’t that uncommon in ancient times).
2 Timothy 3:16 wrote:
All scripture is inspired by God and is useful for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for training in righteousness
It seems more like the Bible was inspired and written by men. Even if one chooses to be a Christian, there’s no reason why the Bible, Paul, or anonymous writers should be above scrutiny. It’s very much rooted in the times and places it was written and contains the prejudices and biases of the writers as well as the interpolations of scribes. Translators have also had a large impact on the texts and our understanding of them.

*More toxic nonsense allegedly by Paul that most people don’t believe should be followed. Most scholars consider this an interpolation, perhaps from the same dude who wrote First and Second Timothy (as well as Titus), although most people don’t know that:
1 Corinthians 14:34-35 wrote:
Women should be silent in the churches. For they are not permitted to speak but should be subordinate, as the law also says. 35 If there is something they want to learn, let them ask their husbands at home. For it is shameful for a woman to speak in church.



Last edited by TwilightPrincess on 15 Dec 2024, 7:40 pm, edited 4 times in total.