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What exactly are "meltdowns"?
Usage varies, but generally it's a sudden involuntary outburst of tantrum-style behavior - yelling, crying, sometimes aggression or self-injury. Can occur as part of a number of different conditions, including autism.
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And what triggers them?
What kinds of situations?
In autism/AS? Usually one or more of the following:
* sensory overload - too much noise/light/whatever
* change in routine, especially an unexpected one
* general stress
* sometimes mean people picking on them
For other conditions with meltdowns, it can be other things. For PTSD, for example, it's stuff similar to the trauma in some way. For ADHD, it's usually either the same things any child would find upsetting but with the ADHD kid unable to inhibit the full-blown reaction, or it's things like being prevented from moving or being forced to attend to one thing too long. For kids with separation anxiety disorder, it's separation from the person they don't like being separated from. For bipolar, it can be nothing at all, or an exaggeration of a typical stressor, or something related to a delusional thought (eg paranoia combined with something that could be misinterpreted as an attack). For schizophrenia it's usually related to a delusional thought. And so forth.