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It was a question asked in school that no teacher ever answered.

Is climate change “natural”? Neil deGrasse Tyson and Chuck Nice are joined by astrophysicist Steve Soter to break down the Milankovitch Cycles, what ended the Ice Age, and how we can tell that climate change is manmade. Is global warming preventing the next Ice Age?

Timestamps:
00:00 - Introduction: Steve Soter
01:14 - Milankovitch Cycles
2:30 - What Caused the Ice Age?
5:49 - How the Ice Age Ended
7:40 - What Determines Earth’s Temperature
10:22 - We Did It
12:31 - Overshooting the Next Ice Age

Peter Godfrey-Smith is Professor of History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Sydney, and author of "Other Minds: The Octopus, the Sea, and the Deep Origins of Consciousness".

Prof. Godfrey-Smith’s work is particularly interested in cephalopods, but we speak about both consciousness and other animals more broadly, in a fascinating conversation about the nature of the nonhuman mind.

0:00 – How Many Times Has the Brain Independently Evolved?
4:36 – What is a Nervous System?
7:12 – The Differences Between the Human and Animal Brains
13:40 – What Does an Octopus Brain Look Like?
25:21 – What is it Like to be an Octopus?
35:48 – Are the Mind and Body Distinct?
42:46 – Panpsychism: Is Everything Conscious?
55:53 – How Do Experiences Combine Into One Consciousness?
01:05:08 – Which Animals Feel Pain? What is it Like?
01:16:51 – Should We Make Shrimp Farming an Ethical Priority?
01:29:22 – Animal Science and Animal Foods
01:35:59 – The Ethics of Killing Animals
01:52:13 – Are Octopuses Playful?

What’s really going on with UAPs? Neil deGrasse Tyson and co-host Paul Mecurio get to the bottom of identifying the unidentifiable with Jon Kosloski, Director of the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO).

Why the switch from “UFO” to “UAP”? John explains the rebranding and how public interpretation shaped the language. They begin with John’s background in electrical engineering, quantum optics, and a “love-hate” relationship with the NSA. They break down how anomalies are detected, from doorbell cameras to advanced electromagnetic sensors, and the challenge of relying on low-quality footage and human observation. Can machine learning and better cameras help? Will there be an app for citizen reporting?

They explore the data pipeline: how AARO collects, verifies, and investigates reports, including the role of AI-generated fakes, confirmation bias, and false positives like Venus over Brooklyn. With 98% of cases explained and 2% still mysterious, Kosloski shares insights on working with law enforcement, geographic bias, sensor kits, and what defines a “hot spot.”

What makes something “classified”? We break down specific sightings like GoFast or the Mount Etna Object. From fighter jet footage to birthday party mishaps, Starlink flares to flying dolphins, this episode takes us deep into how science, skepticism, and sensor tech unravel the unknown–no alien abduction stories required.

0:00 - The Double Slit Experiment
3:43 - Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics
15:14 - Why is Quantum Mechanics So Weird?
22:15 - Do Things Just Work Differently at a Quantum Level?
27:34 - What is Time at a Quantum Level?
32:54 - What on Earth is Time?
37:04 - Does the Past Exist?
45:31 - Does Time Have a Direction?
56:16 - Probability in Quantum Mechanics
01:01:35 - Could Time Be an Emergent Property of the Universe