lau wrote:
The term "planet" is still contentious, and there is no consensus at all on "moon". Even the distinction of "planet/moon" from "double planet" isn't happy. I thought the idea of the barycentre lying inside the larger body sounded good, except when I saw it pointed out to be a bit of a pain, as it would be extremely difficult to determine for most remote bodies.
I do believe that where the barycentre lies is in fact the determining factor, though...
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Another rather interesting thought comes from our Moon - which actually follows an elliptical orbit around the sun. It is only slightly(?) perturbed by the presence of the Earth from being in a pure ellipse. I think I read at one point that it is the only moon in the solar system that does not indulge in retrograde motion about the sun.
That may be due to the formation of Earth's moon being different than how most other moons became moons. See
Giant Impact Hypothesis for more. If i remember, most gas giants probably acquired their moons through gravitational capture, while the Earth's was formed by a large body hitting it (such that the Earth-Moon system formed together and thus are fundamentally different than most of the gas giants' moon systems)
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Currently, there are no satellites of satellites known in the solar system. I suspect that's because any form of stability pretty much requires a large mass-to-mass ratio, and here, there's no planet big enough to have a big enough moon to have it's own moons (although it would appear that
Rhea has rings, which isn't far off - give them more time to accrete, and who knows!).
If there was a satellite of a satellite, the first-order satellite would have to be gravitationally powerful enough to overcome the host planet's gravity to maintain the second-order satellite, or else the planet would rip the second level satellite out of its orbit of the first-order satellite, thus turning the second-order satellite into a first-order satellite in and of itself.