Are Humans NATURALLY promiscuous?
The concensus among anthropologists seems to be that humans are 'weakly' monogomous. Promoscuity is neither natural nor not.
There is a tendency toward pair bonding but its not super hard wired.
It can be overriden.
My theory is that during the longest phase of our existence as a species (the Stone Age) I suspect that there was little need to resist promiscuity because there was little oppurtunity for it. And when free for all sex happened it didnt effect society much.
The whole planet had a thousand times fewer people than we have today- much less population density. You lived in band of 60 people (all of whom were blood kin, or inlaws) embeded a larger tribe of 500 people who ranged over thousands of square miles. It takes many square miles to support one person if you're a hunter-gatherer.
The people you were sexually attracted lived beyond the horizon, and were the same people whom you fought wars with, and seldom trusted.
Then around 10 thousand years ago they invented the plow, and agriculture took off. Population densities rose dramatically to several hundred per square mile. And then around five thousand years ago the first cities (housing tens of thousands per square mile) appeared. More and more people lived in the same political unit- were loyal to the same king- and the people beyond the horizon were no longer enemies but moved freely in your community to ply trades in a market economy. So you had the situation we have to today- the unnatural condition in which most humans are surrounded by strangers most of the time. Thus the temptation to promiscuity became an issue.
Also with agriculture came property -land, livestock, permanent houses. Along with property came inhertince as an issue. So knowing whose kids are whose became an important legal issue. So with the rise of civilization both the temptation to promiscuity, and the desruptiveness of promiscuity, became issues.
In response society had to invent repressive artificats and ideas such as clothing, and such as religously sanctioned sexual repression, and so forth.
So monogomy is 'natural'. But having to buttress it by religion and so forth was not needed until the unnatural conditions that humans have lived in for the last few thousand years existed.
Neo-Conservatism resulted as a backlash to the hippie movement. Perhaps children in the hippie movement were molested as children so they backlashed by becoming Neo-cons. The open door policy of Hippie communes introduced sexually transmitted diseases which became unacceptable. Communes must be closed communities and any new member must be the equivalent of a virgin so as to maintain the quarantine just as it is maintained in a traditional marriage.
Prospective members who already have jealous wives are simply unworthy of the moral standards of the free love commune. Yet self righteous people rail accusations against us calling us sex criminals, whores, and prostitutes. Yet these same self righteous people practice war, they practice hate, they practice the hell that they create. They never feed or give drink to the poor. They let prisoners die in prison and then they wonder why we don't want to live with them.
Our society is built on love for this is our religion. sexuality is only an expression of our love for we practice love by meeting the needs of our people. Prospective members with jealous hateful wives will usually outlive their wives and can then join us. Once joining us they realize that if they had to do it all over again they would have4 never married in the first place for our institution of love is greater than traditional marriage. It is our institution that is the real marriage for it is based on the collective rather than the individual. The naysayers have either never seen our society or they hate us without a cause for we are practicing heaven on earth for we have become like the angels who neither marry nor are given in marriage. For this is what we have become and we can never go back. No amount of jealousy can stop for we have overcome our jealousy
http://www.ecclesbourne.derbyshire.sch. ... ulture.pdf
I don't think you can generalize about such tribes. While some tribes are generally polygamous, which is what you are saying, even Chris Ryan states that there are few in polygamous tribes who end up pair bonding because they enjoy each others company and will cook with one another, live with one another and sleep with one another. Also, just because a tribe does it does not somehow mean it is a better life-style. Tribes do not equal natural.
This was a hunter-gatherer tribe, and may have had a lifestyle more like our hunter-gatherer ancestors, than other tribes that were more settled and raised maize. Hence, they may have lived in a more "natural" state.
http://www.itchybrainscentral.com/examp ... s-research
It appears that incest was also common among hunter-gatherers.
In that small band of Zo'e in the Amazon (in the documentary video posted earlier), they didn't mention it, but in a tribe as small as that, there must have been considerable inbreeding.
If we examine human beings from the perspective of reproductive biology, there is an important distinction: males are reproductively fit each and every time they engage in intercourse whereas females are only reproductively fit during a specific timeframe, and only a finite number of times in her life. A male's optimal reproductive strategy is to have sex as often as possible, with as many fertile women as possible. On the other hand, a woman's optimal strategy is to have sex with the best possible male at the time she is fertile. Further, when a woman is reproductively fit she only has one ovum to be fertilized, so she gains no benefit from multiple partners--she is better off with repeated intercourse with the fittest male.
Male and female sexual function is distinct--quite possibly as a result. Males undergo a sexual refractory period due to the presence of prolactin--the practical benefit of which may be to allow his sperm count to recover before he engages in intercourse again.
Now none of this is to suggest that males are necessarily more promiscuous (though intuitively it seems to be the case). Neither does it allow us to draw any conclusions about individuals. Our sexuality is so complex, that no two individuals present identical sexual response.
So any question that asks about human sexuality without distinguishing between male and female (at a minimum) is fundamentally flawed.
I think females are more devious when it comes to sex. They can have multiple partners at the time of ovulation to increase the chance of conception. But she has the most to lose during pregnancy so she must acquire the help of a man (or another woman) to help her survive the pregnancy. If she manages to get a man to support her she can still be promiscuous as long as it is kept secret. A man has less to lose if his promiscuity is discovered by a woman.
Also there are biologists who treat the act of sex and the process of reproduction as distinct and separate. Sex is a pleasurable activity, reproduction is not. Because one can lead to the other does not mean sex and sexuality is based exclusively on reproduction. For men at least sex is a pleasure activity, for women it is too but she is the only one who has to deal with the consequence of reproduction.
both of you are making the assumption that a man's investment in his own offspring, after mating, has no effect on his offspring's eventual fitness, contra tons and tons of data to the contrary. Human males are not salmon that can spawn and die with no ill effects on their children one way or the other.
There's always talk about how 'women benefit from men's investment in the women's offspring,' as if men do not also benefit by investing in their own offspring.
^ Ding ding ding! Reality is, there are strengths and weaknesses to each sexual strategy, and which humans tend to use is going to be closely tied to the circumstances said humans find themselves in.
Really, this thread sure is a whole lotta projecting from certain participants. Of course, said participants are doing a wonderful job of ignoring the strongest arguments being put forth in the thread.
Here is a fellow from Knoxville who has 30 children from 11 different women.
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article ... pport.html
Each of them will probably grow up to breed. His breeding strategy would be genetically successful.
Another Tennesseean, who has 22 kids with 14 women.
[youtube]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rEOh0MdcGqM[/youtube]
He does raise a good point.
He may be getting his own reality TV show.
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article ... video.html
[youtube]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qk7sDMZAgQ0[/youtube]
There's always talk about how 'women benefit from men's investment in the women's offspring,' as if men do not also benefit by investing in their own offspring.
The issue for men though is that over our evolutionary history the man has never known which children are his. The woman is the only one who could know for sure if she has a child to just one man, but the man can never know this. So the man is risking a lot by investing his time and effort into the baby carried by a woman he shagged. Furthermore a woman is capable of deceiving the man into investing in babies fathered by other men.
Moreover, among hunter-gatherer folk, the men generally cooperate together for hunting (and other manly pursuits). Someone used to say "it takes a village to raise a child." Rather than each man taking care of his own children, the boys would eventually join the group of men. The girls would stay among the women, and participate in the cooking, cleaning, and other womanly pursuits around the camp.
The issue for men though is that over our evolutionary history the man has never known which children are his. The woman is the only one who could know for sure if she has a child to just one man, but the man can never know this. So the man is risking a lot by investing his time and effort into the baby carried by a woman he shagged. Furthermore a woman is capable of deceiving the man into investing in babies fathered by other men.
Methinks this is precisely the reason some cultures embraced "monogamy."
Women risk a lot by becoming pregnant in the first place; therefore, if I'm going to invest my biological resources in a man's baby, it makes sense for me to ensure that I'm going to get the best return on my investment. If my baby has a better chance of surviving to adulthood if a man commits to my offspring, than I'm going to mate with a male who is going to stick around and help me raise the baby.
There's no sense in continuing to mate with multiple males and risking pregnancy after pregnancy if the infants keep dieing or getting killed. As a female, I'm going with whatever strategy keeps my offspring alive.
_________________
"If we fail to anticipate the unforeseen or expect the unexpected in a universe of infinite possibilities, we may find ourselves at the mercy of anyone or anything that cannot be programmed, categorized or easily referenced."
-XFG (no longer a moderator)
In the USA, it is primarily the poorer and less-educated guys who follow the reproductive strategies illustrated by the two gentlemen from Tennessee (mentioned above). A man who responds more readily to financial incentives (generally, one who is better educated and who has some wealth that he would like to protect) would try to avoid their example, and endeavour to protect his wealth. For such men, a traditional monogamous marriage might be the best solution, and is the officially sanctioned solution, for propagating their genetic material. But, most such marriages end in divorce, and many of the men may end up impoverished anyway.
In Thailand and the Philippines, there is much less of a disincentive for men to sire children with multiple women. There, even wealthy men are inclined to participate in this activity.
http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1 ... 88,6203651
Thailand abolished polygamy in 1932, and a man may have only one legally-registered wife at a time. But, he can still have a number of minor wives.
Meanwhile, in the Philippines:
http://manilatimes.net/right-to-support ... ild/18346/
A man would have a financial incentive not to recognize his illegitimate offspring.
A lot of the laws seem designed to protect the interests of the officially-recognized wife over those of other women that her husband might be boning.
The issue for men though is that over our evolutionary history the man has never known which children are his. The woman is the only one who could know for sure if she has a child to just one man, but the man can never know this. So the man is risking a lot by investing his time and effort into the baby carried by a woman he shagged. Furthermore a woman is capable of deceiving the man into investing in babies fathered by other men.
Methinks this is precisely the reason some cultures embraced "monogamy."
Women risk a lot by becoming pregnant in the first place; therefore, if I'm going to invest my biological resources in a man's baby, it makes sense for me to ensure that I'm going to get the best return on my investment. If my baby has a better chance of surviving to adulthood if a man commits to my offspring, than I'm going to mate with a male who is going to stick around and help me raise the baby.
There's no sense in continuing to mate with multiple males and risking pregnancy after pregnancy if the infants keep dieing or getting killed. As a female, I'm going with whatever strategy keeps my offspring alive.
I would say a polygamous arrangement is the only one that satisfies these issues. A man will have multiple partners and so would a woman, which means their genes have increased chances of survival because of the variety involved. All adults in the 'family' would make efforts to ensure all children survive to adulthood.
A monogamous setting does not ease the risks at all. A woman can still deceive the man into bringing up the child of someone else, and the man can always leave (or get killed) leaving the woman to struggle. The woman could die and leave the man to struggle. And let us not forget that since walking upright childbirth became difficult for women and often they would die during labor.
A polygamous arrangement would cater for those risks.
I would say a polygamous arrangement is the only one that satisfies these issues. A man will have multiple partners and so would a woman, which means their genes have increased chances of survival because of the variety involved. All adults in the 'family' would make efforts to ensure all children survive to adulthood.
A monogamous setting does not ease the risks at all. A woman can still deceive the man into bringing up the child of someone else, and the man can always leave (or get killed) leaving the woman to struggle. The woman could die and leave the man to struggle. And let us not forget that since walking upright childbirth became difficult for women and often they would die during labor.
A polygamous arrangement would cater for those risks.
Monogamous relationships have benefits for both men and women.
Polygamous relationships have benefits for both men and women.
Which relationship is MOST beneficial depends entirely on your circumstances.
_________________
"If we fail to anticipate the unforeseen or expect the unexpected in a universe of infinite possibilities, we may find ourselves at the mercy of anyone or anything that cannot be programmed, categorized or easily referenced."
-XFG (no longer a moderator)
