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ahayes
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13 Mar 2007, 2:19 am

Nexus wrote:
With those things all in mind, after a sum of time, CO2 has been accumulating but it's effects were masked. Another thing to consider strongly is deforestation, even if human CO2 emissions are small compared to other natural events, by destroying vegetation we're decreasing Earth's CO2 intake capacity, and therefore the more forest that is destroyed, the more bigger our impact will start to become.


Forests put out almost as much as they take in though.



ahayes
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13 Mar 2007, 2:22 am

Nexus wrote:
I should point out that volcanoes usually release more Sulfur dioxide than CO2, and since SO2 reflects UV radiation back into space before it can be absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, it basically counterweights the CO2 effect of volcanoes.


SO2 chemically combines with water in the atmosphere though and rains back down as sulfuric acid. CO2 does this as well but to a much lesser degree.

I sense that you will want to debate me on this point, so here is how to prove to yourself that what I am saying is true.

CO2 doesn't like being combined with water: buy some carbonated water, open the bottle, observe.

SO2 likes water: get some battery acid, pour it on your arm, observe



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13 Mar 2007, 2:51 am

ahayes wrote:
Has somebody tagged a few CO2 molecules to determine if they do, in fact, stay suspended in the atmosphere before they settle?


Atmospheric convection cycles along with wind pattern would keep them up there, after all how you do suppose ozone stays up there? It's heavier than CO2.

ahayes wrote:
Forests put out almost as much as they take in though.


It's subjective to it's location, not to mention it also depends on daytime vs nighttime amount, some areas get more daylight than nighttime during summer, and therefore can process more CO2 during the day and produce less CO2 during the night. Besides forests would have to take in CO2 more than out, otherwise how did other life survive throughout history? Because to imply that would mean that no animal would be getting enough oxygen right now, and that's not clearly the case.

ahayes wrote:
SO2 chemically combines with water in the atmosphere though and rains back down as sulfuric acid. CO2 does this as well but to a much lesser degree.


That's irrelevent when it comes to volcanic activity in relation to climate change. That does happen I know, however not every molecule would contact and react to moisture, and in fact the ash would interact with water too, making the air dryer and therefore less interactions would happen. Volcanic events in the past have proven they can cause vicious climate changes into ice ages for long periods of time due to sulfur dioxide emissions and ash, Toba did such a thing 78,000 years ago. Not to mention most of the sulfur dioxide ends up in the stratosphere due to the violent force of the eruption causing the plume to reach so high. There's no weather or enough water vapor for the molecules to interact with up in the stratosphere rapidly, so they basically stay up there until they eventually sink, UV radiation breaks them down, interact with something, or a vortex sucks them down in a storm.

Yes you're right about how sulfur dioxide reacts with water but that not what I'm debating here. I'm debating that volcanoes also release SO2 as much as CO2 basically and both gases negate each other's effect.

To basically say that all of the sulfur dioxide would come down as acid rain before reaching the stratosphere and cannot effect the partial or global climate is scientifically wrong, because effects of sulfur dioxide by volcanoes is evident in history. Not to mention back when Krakatoa erupted, the sunsets were reported as an unusual color globally due to the way sulfur dioxide in the stratosphere reflected and refracted light. This effect lasted for nearly more than a year.


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Last edited by Nexus on 13 Mar 2007, 4:16 am, edited 4 times in total.

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13 Mar 2007, 3:16 am

By the way, this proves my point about Sulfur Dioxide affecting climate and also proves your point about it too:

http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Hazards/What/VolGas/volgas.html


Quote:
Emission rates of SO2 from an active volcano range from <20 tonnes/day to >10 million tonnes/day according to the style of volcanic activity and type and volume of magma involved. For example, the large explosive eruption of Mount Pinatubo on 15 June 1991 expelled 3-5 km 3 of dacite magma and injected about 17 million tonnes of SO2 into the stratosphere. The sulfur aerosols resulted in a 0.5-0.6°C cooling of the Earth's surface in the Northern Hemisphere. The sulfate aerosols also accelerated chemical reactions that, together with the increased stratospheric chlorine levels from human-made chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) pollution, destroyed ozone and led to some of the lowest ozone levels ever observed in the atmosphere.


Quote:
Space Shuttle image over South America, Mission STS 43
SO2 effects Earth's surface temperature
Global cooling and ozone depletion
Measurements from recent eruptions such as Mount St. Helens, Washington (1980), El Chichon, Mexico (1982), and Mount Pinatubo, Philippines (1991), clearly show the importance of sulfur aerosols in modifying climate, warming the stratosphere, and cooling the troposphere. Research has also shown that the liquid drops of sulfuric acid promote the destruction of the Earth's ozone layer. Details.


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Last edited by Nexus on 13 Mar 2007, 3:43 am, edited 1 time in total.

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13 Mar 2007, 3:26 am

Whist we're on that website I should probably add this, as this is interesting:

Quote:
Comparison of CO2 emissions from volcanoes vs. human activities.
Scientists have calculated that volcanoes emit between about 130-230 million tonnes (145-255 million tons) of CO2 into the atmosphere every year (Gerlach, 1999, 1992). This estimate includes both subaerial and submarine volcanoes, about in equal amounts. Emissions of CO2 by human activities, including fossil fuel burning, cement production, and gas flaring, amount to about 22 billion tonnes per year (24 billion tons) [ ( Marland, et al., 1998) - The reference gives the amount of released carbon (C), rather than CO2.]. Human activities release more than 150 times the amount of CO2 emitted by volcanoes--the equivalent of nearly 17,000 additional volcanoes like Kilauea (Kilauea emits about 13.2 million tonnes/year)!


Considering this comes from USGS, I would give it a high level creditability and debunks the "Volcanoes are worst than human activity" idea.

Damn, I'm on a role here, having too much fun thinking about this, climate and meteorology are two of my obsessions other than computers by the way. :)


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ahayes
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13 Mar 2007, 4:36 am

Nexus wrote:
ahayes wrote:
Has somebody tagged a few CO2 molecules to determine if they do, in fact, stay suspended in the atmosphere before they settle?


Atmospheric convection cycles along with wind pattern would keep them up there, after all how you do suppose ozone stays up there? It's heavier than CO2.


Ozone is produced by the interaction of solar emissions and the oxygen that is up there. That's how is gets there.



ahayes
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13 Mar 2007, 4:38 am

Nexus wrote:
Whist we're on that website I should probably add this, as this is interesting:

Quote:
Comparison of CO2 emissions from volcanoes vs. human activities.
Scientists have calculated that volcanoes emit between about 130-230 million tonnes (145-255 million tons) of CO2 into the atmosphere every year (Gerlach, 1999, 1992). This estimate includes both subaerial and submarine volcanoes, about in equal amounts. Emissions of CO2 by human activities, including fossil fuel burning, cement production, and gas flaring, amount to about 22 billion tonnes per year (24 billion tons) [ ( Marland, et al., 1998) - The reference gives the amount of released carbon (C), rather than CO2.]. Human activities release more than 150 times the amount of CO2 emitted by volcanoes--the equivalent of nearly 17,000 additional volcanoes like Kilauea (Kilauea emits about 13.2 million tonnes/year)!


Considering this comes from USGS, I would give it a high level creditability and debunks the "Volcanoes are worst than human activity" idea.

Damn, I'm on a role here, having too much fun thinking about this, climate and meteorology are two of my obsessions other than computers by the way. :)


Do they consider ALL volcanic emissions, or just that of eruptions?



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13 Mar 2007, 4:40 am

Nexus wrote:
By the way, this proves my point about Sulfur Dioxide affecting climate and also proves your point about it too:

http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Hazards/What/VolGas/volgas.html


Quote:
Emission rates of SO2 from an active volcano range from <20 tonnes/day to >10 million tonnes/day according to the style of volcanic activity and type and volume of magma involved. For example, the large explosive eruption of Mount Pinatubo on 15 June 1991 expelled 3-5 km 3 of dacite magma and injected about 17 million tonnes of SO2 into the stratosphere. The sulfur aerosols resulted in a 0.5-0.6°C cooling of the Earth's surface in the Northern Hemisphere. The sulfate aerosols also accelerated chemical reactions that, together with the increased stratospheric chlorine levels from human-made chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) pollution, destroyed ozone and led to some of the lowest ozone levels ever observed in the atmosphere.


Quote:
Space Shuttle image over South America, Mission STS 43
SO2 effects Earth's surface temperature
Global cooling and ozone depletion
Measurements from recent eruptions such as Mount St. Helens, Washington (1980), El Chichon, Mexico (1982), and Mount Pinatubo, Philippines (1991), clearly show the importance of sulfur aerosols in modifying climate, warming the stratosphere, and cooling the troposphere. Research has also shown that the liquid drops of sulfuric acid promote the destruction of the Earth's ozone layer. Details.


Yeah, volcanoes only emit SO2 and CO2, there isn't any ash blocking out the sun causing the drop in temperature.



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13 Mar 2007, 4:41 am

ahayes wrote:
Do they consider ALL volcanic emissions, or just that of eruptions?


I presume the word 'emit' when they say 'volcanoes emit between about 130-230 million tonnes' would mean all emissions presumably, they would explicitly say eruptions if otherwise I think.


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ahayes
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13 Mar 2007, 4:44 am

Nexus wrote:
ahayes wrote:
Forests put out almost as much as they take in though.


It's subjective to it's location, not to mention it also depends on daytime vs nighttime amount, some areas get more daylight than nighttime during summer, and therefore can process more CO2 during the day and produce less CO2 during the night. Besides forests would have to take in CO2 more than out, otherwise how did other life survive throughout history? Because to imply that would mean that no animal would be getting enough oxygen right now, and that's not clearly the case.


I didn't say trees, I said FORESTS. Stuff always decays, which releases CO2.



ahayes
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13 Mar 2007, 4:46 am

Nexus wrote:
ahayes wrote:
Do they consider ALL volcanic emissions, or just that of eruptions?


I presume the word 'emit' when they say 'volcanoes emit between about 130-230 million tonnes' would mean all emissions presumably, they would explicitly say eruptions if otherwise I think.


Not acceptable. Volcanos all over the world just sit there spewing out gases and steam for much of their lives, eruptions would be a small fraction of a volcano's emissions.



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13 Mar 2007, 4:53 am

Furthermore, where do you think all this carbon we are emitting came from to begin with? Living stuff. Where did the living stuff get the carbon? The atmosphere. Even if we burned all the carbon sources we could find we would still be unable to produce a climate that was inhospitable to life, because at one time all that carbon was there and there were plants that could use it.



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13 Mar 2007, 7:05 am

Quote:
Not acceptable. Volcanos all over the world just sit there spewing out gases and steam for much of their lives, eruptions would be a small fraction of a volcano's emissions.


Is that all you can say on that, not acceptable? :lol: To you maybe, but not to geological researchers. Show me a scientific source similar to USGS in creditability that says otherwise. By the way a wikipedia link about Carbon Dioxide also contains the same conclusion (I know not reliable in itself, however keep reading on, as I included the citation below):

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide

Quote:
Volcanic activity now releases about 130 to 230 teragrams (145 million to 255 million short tons) of carbon dioxide each year.[8] Volcanic releases are about 1% of the amount which is released by human activities.


They say activity, not eruptions, so basically that's the collective total of emissions factoring in both casual emissions and active volcanoes which erupt too obviously.

But here's the citation relating to that information, notice it's not USGS, but another source which is American Geophysical Union:

8 # ^ Gerlach, T.M., 1992, Present-day CO2 emissions from volcanoes: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, Vol. 72, No. 23, June 4, 1991, pp. 249, and 254-255

So they agree with that finding. It might be a older source and you'll try to catch me on that; but even if you factor in variations to present day activity, you'll never probably reach the same amount or more than human emission levels.

Also, explain where they got the 24 billion tons a year CO2 figure from? Now this should be interesting...

To quote again from that USGS source:
Quote:
Emissions of CO2 by human activities, including fossil fuel burning, cement production, and gas flaring, amount to about 22 billion tonnes per year (24 billion tons)


I acknowledge that 3.25 billion tons of that figure is probably attributed to the entire human population simply breathing. A single human produce around 900 grams of CO2 a day, (which I estimate is ~350 kilograms a year) according to a USDA source.

Where does the other 20.75 billion tons come from if not from what's quoted? Care to explain?

Don't use the "I don't believe that figure" excuse as the source is from USGS, not from a random climatologist blog or environmentalist blog either and the USGS is actually funded by the US Government. It as legitimate as you can get when it comes to arguing scientific research. As for trying to argue that sum represents CO2 emissions of all living things and natural events too, you can't say that either because I'm sure those would have been factored out already.


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Last edited by Nexus on 13 Mar 2007, 8:23 am, edited 7 times in total.

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13 Mar 2007, 7:08 am

ahayes wrote:
Furthermore, where do you think all this carbon we are emitting came from to begin with? Living stuff. Where did the living stuff get the carbon? The atmosphere. Even if we burned all the carbon sources we could find we would still be unable to produce a climate that was inhospitable to life, because at one time all that carbon was there and there were plants that could use it.


No. A lot of the carbon was originally in the ground.



larsenjw92286
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13 Mar 2007, 8:47 am

Are you Australian?

By the way, George W. Bush thinks global warming is a joke!


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13 Mar 2007, 9:00 am

larsenjw92286 wrote:
Are you Australian?

By the way, George W. Bush thinks global warming is a joke!


I'm Australian.

Also, Bush didn't think so in his latest state of the union address, he actually acknowledged climate change as a threat now, listen to the speech if you don't believe me.


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