Circumcision promotes health.
Conditions affecting the prostate
Ravich and Ravich reported that in patients operated on for prostatic obstruction, 1.8% of obstructions in Jews were cancerous, compared with 19% in non-Jews.[102] Ross et al. reported on two case-control studies in Southern California. Both studies included 142 cases and in each study the risk was lower in circumcised men (relative risk of 0.5 in whites and 0.6 in blacks).[103] Mandel and Schuman reported on a case-control study with 250 cases. Compared with controls drawn from their neighborhood, circumcised men were less likely to develop prostate cancer (odds ratio 0.82).[104] Ewings and Bowie performed a case-control study of 159 cases of prostate cancer, and found a reduced rate among circumcised men (odds ratio 0.62). The authors noted: "...some statistically significant associations were found, although these can only be viewed as hypothesis generating in this context."[105]
McCredie et al. (2001) studied 1,216 men aged 40–69 years using the International Prostate Symptom Score, and found that being circumcised was associated with a higher prevalence of moderate-to-severe urinary symptoms.[106]
[edit]Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
A meta-analysis by Van Howe in 2006 found no significant association between circumcision status and HPV infection and that "the medical literature does not support the claim that circumcision reduces the risk for genital HPV infection".[107] However, Castellsagué et al. maintain that this meta-analysis was flawed, and further note that a re-analysis of the same data "... clearly shows, no matter how the studies are grouped, a moderate to strong protective effect of circumcision on penile HPV and related lesions."[108]
In several studies, uncircumcised men were found to have a greater incidence of human papilloma virus (HPV) infection than circumcised men.[109][109][110][111][112] One of these studies[109] has been criticized on methodological grounds.[107][113] One study found no statistically significant difference in the incidence of HPV infection between circumcised and uncircumcised men.[114]
Two studies have shown that circumcised men report, or were found to have, a higher prevalence of genital warts than uncircumcised men.[115][116]
The Medical College of Georgia studied the impact of a new (as of 2004) vaccine against "HPV types 16 and 18, the two most common causes of cervical and penile cancer".[117]
Circumcision has been associated with a lower incidence of Human Papilloma Virus infection in males in several studies. HPV infection is a known risk factor in the development of penile cancer. Other studies suggest that circumcision may reduce the risk of more invasive forms of penile cancer. "In weighing the risks and benefits of circumcision, doctors consider the fact that penile cancer is one of the least common forms of cancer in the United States" and "Ultimately, decisions about circumcision are highly personal and depend more on social and religious factors than on medical evidence". They state that it is important to concentrate on the main risk factors: poor hygiene, having unprotected sex with multiple partners, and cigarette smoking.[118] They also state that the current consensus of most experts is that circumcision should not be recommended as a prevention strategy for penile cancer.[119]
A clean d*ck is a healthy d*ck and a healthy d*ck is a happy d*ck. Circumcision frees the male from the Curse of Smegma.
ruveyn