Does the Appendix really have a function after all?

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Scientists: Appendix protects good germs By SETH BORENSTEIN, AP Science Writer
1 hour, 34 minutes ago



Some scientists think they have figured out the real job of the troublesome and seemingly useless appendix: It produces and protects good germs for your gut. That's the theory from surgeons and immunologists at Duke University Medical School, published online in a scientific journal this week.

For generations the appendix has been dismissed as superfluous. Doctors figured it had no function, surgeons removed them routinely, and people live fine without them.

And when infected the appendix can turn deadly. It gets inflamed quickly and some people die if it isn't removed in time. Two years ago, 321,000 Americans were hospitalized with appendicitis, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

The function of the appendix seems related to the massive amount of bacteria populating the human digestive system, according to the study in the Journal of Theoretical Biology. There are more bacteria than human cells in the typical body. Most of it is good and helps digest food.

But sometimes the flora of bacteria in the intestines die or are purged. Diseases such as cholera or amoebic dysentery would clear the gut of useful bacteria. The appendix's job is to reboot the digestive system in that case.

The appendix "acts as a good safe house for bacteria," said Duke surgery professor Bill Parker, a study co-author. Its location — just below the normal one-way flow of food and germs in the large intestine in a sort of gut cul-de-sac — helps support the theory, he said.

Also, the worm-shaped organ outgrowth acts like a bacteria factory, cultivating the good germs, Parker said.

That use is not needed in a modern industrialized society, Parker said. If a person's gut flora dies, they can usually repopulate it easily with germs they pick up from other people, he said. But before dense populations in modern times and during epidemics of cholera that affected a whole region, it wasn't as easy to grow back that bacteria and the appendix came in handy.

In less developed countries, where the appendix may be still useful, the rate of appendicitis is lower than in the U.S., other studies have shown, Parker said.

He said the appendix may be another case of an overly hygienic society triggering an overreaction by the body's immune system.

Even though the appendix seems to have a function, people should still have them removed when they are inflamed because it could turn deadly, Parker said. About 300 to 400 Americans die of appendicitis each year, according to the CDC.

Five scientists not connected with the research said that the Duke theory makes sense and raises interesting questions.

The idea "seems by far the most likely" explanation for the function of the appendix, said Brandeis University biochemistry professor Douglas Theobald. "It makes evolutionary sense."

The theory led Gary Huffnagle, a University of Michigan internal medicine and microbiology professor, to wonder about the value of another body part that is often yanked: "I'll bet eventually we'll find the same sort of thing with the tonsils."

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On the Net:

The Journal of Theoretical Biology:

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00225193

mine exploded, it was very painful! and left a nasty scar. i thought i was gonna DIE, when it all went down

Lost mine when I was ten. There was a scar but I can't find it now (forty years later).

Ed Almos

I still have my appendix and my tonsils.

I still have both and don't get infections all that often. But I lived my first 24 years in the country, with Dirt.

Just goes to show you that doctors don't know everything, and even if every doctor in the world tells you that you don't need something you were born with, they can all be wrong... I guess its a good thing they're not priests, or we'd all have to get them cut out at birth, and there'd be zero chance of convincing them they might be in error...

they mistook my ruptured ovarian cyst for appendicitis, and my parents had to wait 4.5 hrs for what the surgeons told them would be a 45min routine appendectomy.

and they took out my "healthy and pink!" appendix since they'd already opened me up. blech.

i have a pretty neat 2 inch scar to show for it though

surgeons often remove an appendix when they're doing abdominal operations for some other reason, because you're statistically a little bit more likely to die (in the western world, anyway) if you have one than if you don't.

It would be interesting to see survival studies done on those with vs. those without appendices in hunter/gatherer, or in 3rd world, vs. in 1st world societies.

It's a vestigial organ left over from when we used to be vegetarians. The 'good bacteria' used to function for breakdown of cellulose but have now been exapted into this new function.

Anyway you cut it, it serves no biological function.