I learned how to use the archaic pronouns thou, thee, ye, thy and thine. Basically, the first three all mean 'you' while the other two mean 'your(s)', all used in different contexts. It's rather tricky so I'll just link to the Wikipedia article, for anyone interested:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thou#Declension
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Otherwise, I tried coming up with sentences to explain the differences. Hopefully they're accurate; if not, then please check the link above.
Early Modern English
(Singular) Thou gavest¹ thy² book to me, and now it is mine. When I give my² new book back to thee, it will be thine again.
(Plural) Ye³ gave your books to us, and now they are ours. When we give our new books back to you, they will be yours again.
¹ "Gave" becomes "gavest" or "gav'st" when preceded by "thou" in indicative sentences. Long story.
² "Thy" becomes "thine" and "my" becomes "mine", when followed by a noun that starts with a vowel or an "h"; compare "thy book" and "thine handbook", and "my book" and "mine handbook". This distinction is not observed for plural pronouns.
³ More common in earlier forms of English; later replaced by "you".
Translation into Modern English
(Singular) You gave your book to me, and now it is mine. When I give my new book back to you, it will be yours again.
(Plural) All of you gave (all of) your books to us, and now they are ours. When we give our new books back to all of you, they will be (all of) yours again.
Also note that, depending on the time period, some of the abovementioned plural pronouns could be used in place of their corresponding singular pronouns in formal or respectful speech. Again, this is explained in the link above.
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It is easy to go down into Hell;
Night and day, the gates of dark Death stand wide;
But to climb back again, to retrace one's steps to the upper air –
There's the rub, the task.
– Virgil, The Aeneid (Book VI)