I have a BA Degree in Sound Technology (sound engineering) from LIPA (world famous performing arts college started by Sir Paul McCartney).
I have also several pairs of noise cancelling headphones. I can give you my opinion if you like.
OK.
I have a pair of Bose QC35 noise cancellation headphones, which work to a level. These do not block or cancel out all sound however, and they do use a noise generator in combination with your own choice of music to mask and cancel out any environmental noise. They do work best when required to cancel out a consistent noise source, for example,
the sound of airplane engines from inside a plane.
I think they are fairly effective when using with music, however, i am aware that my ears start to hurt if i use them for any length of time over 10 mins. This, i do not think is a good sign. I also note the way people go death is by being exposed to constant sound for prolonged lengths of time. Taking this into consideration, i think that noise cancellation headphones could actually damage a persons hearing, which would result in that person then suffering not only from deafness or partial deafness but from equally annoying tinnitus.
What is the solution then?
Well considering your own requirements, i would have thought something like airplane pilot or drummer's noise blocking ear defender headphones that are used with an external sound source extremely directional microphone.
Microphones come in a variety of directional types, from microphones that pick up sound from all directions such as omni pattern microphones.
The more directional patterns being hypercardioid, supercardioid and unicardioid.
Please keep in mind however that many of these directional microphones will require a power source,
as the more directional microphones are generally capacitor microphones and need phantom power to work.
You may be able to find a back electret that includes its own power source, these aren't known to give the best quality recording but this may not be an issue if its just for conversation monitoring. they are often cheaper too.
Film makers usually use these types directional microphones for recording speech onsite.
https://documentarycameras.com/best-sho ... ilmmakers/
the pilots ear defender headphones may be a few DB more effective at blocking out sound.